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Citations: Women in Sports

Sources for the Ask Sophie response on Women in Sports


DIAGRAMS



OLYMPICS CONTROVERSY

Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning-Kruger effect: On being ignorant of one's own ignorance. Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 44, pp. 247-296). Academic Press.


Are the 2024 Paris Olympics gender equal? That depends how you measure it. (2024, July 26). PBS News. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/are-the-2024-paris-olympics-gender-equal-that-depends-how-you-measure-it#


Treisman, R. (2024, August 2). What to know about the gender controversy sweeping Olympic boxing. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2024/08/02/nx-s1-5061280/olympic-womens-boxing-gender-imane-khelif-lin-yuting


Beacham, G. (2024, August 3). Imane Khelif outcry fueled by banned boxing body with Russia ties | AP News. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/olympics-2024-khelif-russia-boxing-b53b1edda21139d14a572bd35ca440e6


Goldberg, A. (2024, August 9). Olympic boxer Imane Khelif beat her opponent. Then she got ‘transvestigated.’ USA TODAY. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/08/09/imane-khelif-olympics-transvestigations/74721372007/


Kasprak, A. (2024, August 5). Olympic boxer Imane Khelif is neither trans nor male. Snopes. https://www.snopes.com/news/2024/08/05/imane-khelif-not-trans


Ingle, S. (2024, July 30). Boxers who failed gender tests at world championships cleared to compete at Olympics. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/29/boxers-who-failed-gender-tests-at-world-championships-cleared-to-compete-at-olympics


Rumsby, B. (2024, August 10). Imane Khelif and Lin Yu-Ting: Gender controversy explained and next fight date. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2024/08/09/imane-khelif-algeria-boxing-angela-carini-italy-gender-ioc


Cauterucci, C. (2024, August 1). What’s going on with the two women boxers who “Failed” a gender test. Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/culture/2024/08/olympic-boxers-gender-test-controversy-explained.html


Desk, T. S. (2024, August 1). Explained: What “high levels of testosterone” means amid gender row in boxing at Paris Olympics. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-olympics-2024/explained-what-high-levels-of-testosterone-means-amid-gender-row-in-boxing-at-paris-olympics/articleshow/112205038.cms


Sissons, C. (2024, March 7). Typical testosterone levels in males and females. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323085


Arlt, W., Willis, D. S., Wild, S. H., Krone, N., Doherty, E. J., Hahner, S., Han, T. S., Carroll, P. V., Conway, G. S., Rees, D. A., Stimson, R. H., Walker, B. R., Connell, J. M. C., & Ross, R. J. (2010). Health Status of Adults with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Cohort Study of 203 Patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(11), 5110–5121. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0917


Martin, M. & Tedford D. (2009, October 5). Ex-Wife of D.C. Sniper: “I was the enemy.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/2009/10/05/113506785/ex-wife-of-d-c-sniper-i-was-the-enemy


Lockwood, G. (1997). Polycystic ovarian syndrome: diagnosis and management. Practice Nursing, 8(1), 32–34. https://doi.org/10.12968/pnur.1997.8.1.32


Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Kelestimur, F., Moran, C., Oberfield, S., Witchel, S. F., & Azziz, R. (2017). Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency revisited: an update with a special focus on adolescent and adult women. Human Reproduction Update, 23(5), 580–599. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmx014


Guinness, E. (2024, August 9). Imane Khelif: Inside the tough childhood of the Algerian Olympic boxer facing groundless accusations of being ‘biological male.’ The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/imane-khelif-olympics-boxer-trans-debate-gender-xy-chromosome-b2594067.html


IBA. (n.d.). Statement made by the International Boxing Association regarding Athletes Disqualifications in World Boxing Championships 2023. https://www.iba.sport/news/statement-made-by-the-international-boxing-association-regarding-athletes-disqualifications-in-world-boxing-championships-2023


International Olympic Committee (IOC). (n.d.). IOC Comprehensive Report on the Situation of the International Boxing Association (IBA – formerly known as AIBA). https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/News/2023/06/2023-06-IOC-Comprehensive-Report-IBA.pdf


IBA. (n.d.-a). AMBC Continental Forum in Brasilia to welcome IBA President. https://www.iba.sport/news/ambc-continental-forum-in-brasilia-to-welcome-iba-president


Exclusive: IBA fire secretary general Yerolimpos as they face Olympic expulsion. (n.d.). https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1138073/iba-fire-secretary-general-yerolimpos


IBA Boxing. (2023, June 15). AMBC Continental Forum 2023 | Brasilia [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQI3BoYEkWo


Efim Kourenkov. (2024, August 10). Azalia Amineva vs Khelif Imane at 2023 New-Dehli IBA WWBC Full Fight with Knock Down [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJ8hGgZi7Ek


Тасс. (2023, March 25). IBA исключила из чемпионата мира спортсменов, которые пытались выдать себя за женщин. TACC. https://tass.ru/sport/17370249


Volz, D., & Barber, C. R. (2024, September 4). U.S. accuses Russia of spending millions to influence American voters. Wall Street Journal. https://apple.news/AzlBBMWrqQ-OYgnebQLaWaA


Radin, A., Demus, A., & Marcinek, K. (2020, February 18). Understanding Russian subversion: patterns, threats, and responses. RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE331.html



SEX

Sex & gender. (2024, June 28). https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender



Purves, D., Augustine, G., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W. C., LaMantia, A., Mooney, R., & White, L. E. (2018). Neuroscience. Sinauer.


Susman, E. J., Houts, R. M., Steinberg, L., Belsky, J., Cauffman, E., DeHart, G., Friedman, S. L., Roisman, G. I., & Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2010). Longitudinal development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls and boys between ages 91⁄2 and 151⁄2 years. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164(2), 166. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.261


Montañez, A. (2017, September 1). Beyond XX and XY. Scientific American, 29(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0917-50


Jones, C., & Van Den Heever, J. (2021). Building blocks of sexuality. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(3). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i3.6569


Two-Spirit | Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender health. (n.d.). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health. https://www.ihs.gov/lgbt/twospirit


Sharpe, S. (2022, October 28). No one-size-fits all: Myths and Misconceptions about PCOS. interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth. https://interactadvocates.org/no-one-size-fits-all-myths-and-misconceptions-about-pcos


Lockett, E. (2024, June 14). Exploring the spectrum of intersex variations. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/types-of-intersex


Fausto-Sterling, A., & Trajanoski, Ž. (2004). The Five Sexes: Why male and female are not enough. Identities, 3(1). https://doaj.org/article/2e53acb5495e46cd8bbf2bd24c7eda1b


Blackless, M., Charuvastra, A., Derryck, A., Fausto-Sterling, A., Lauzanne, K., & Lee, E. (2000). How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology, 12(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(200003/04)12:2


Admin. (2013, September 28). Intersex population figures – Intersex Human Rights Australia. https://ihra.org.au/16601/intersex-numbers


Fausto-Sterling, A. (2020). Sexing the body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. Basic Books.


DeJesus-Sabella, S. (2019, October 26). Learning I’m intersex changed my life — by telling me I’m not broken. Advocate. https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2019/10/26/learning-im-intersex-changed-my-life-telling-me-im-not-broken


Associated Press. (2020, July 22). Are hasty operations on intersex children becoming a thing of the past? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jul/14/intersex-children-hasty-operations


Madan, K. (2020). Natural human chimeras: A review. European Journal of Medical Genetics, 63(9), 103971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103971


C. C. M. (n.d.). Androgens. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22002-androgens



XY FEMALES

Jong, D. M., Pulungan, A. B., Aap, B. T., & Batubara, J. R. (2016). 5-alpha-reductase deficiency: a case report. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 43(6), 234. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi43.6.2003.234-40


BBC News. (2015, September 20). The extraordinary case of the Guevedoces. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34290981


Fcps, S. J., MD, MPhil, M. a. H., MD, Fcps, F. A., MD, Dem, M. F., MD, & Mrcp, T. T. (2020). Leydig cell hypoplasia: a unique paradox in the diagnosis of 46, XY Disorders of Sex Development. AACE Clinical Case Reports, 6(3), e117–e122. https://doi.org/10.4158/accr-2019-0152


Berglund, A., Johannsen, T. H., Stochholm, K., Viuff, M. H., Fedder, J., Main, K. M., & Gravholt, C. H. (2016). Incidence, prevalence, diagnostic delay, and clinical presentation of female 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101(12), 4532–4540. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2248


Elmas, N. Z., Esmat, H. A., Osmani, G. M., Ozcan, B., & Kızılay, F. (2020). Female form of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome: A rare case report and review of literature. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 77, 298–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.10.113


Josso, N., & Rey, R. (2020). What does AMH tell us in pediatric disorders of sex development? Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00619


Sudik, R., Jakubiczka, S., Nawroth, F., Gilberg, E., & Wieacker, P. F. (2001). Chimerism in a fertile woman with 46,XY karyotype and female phenotype: Case report. Human Reproduction, 16(1), 56–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/16.1.56


Rebar, R. W., & Erickson, G. F. (2012). Reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Elsevier eBooks, e109–e122. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-1604-7.00563-7


Fountain Ink Magazine. (2016, August 6). The travails of Santhi Soundarajan [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63hDLndWmqU


ABC News. (2022, December 16). Stripped of her Asian Games medal and banned from competing, Santhi Soundarajan is now pushing ahead with a different dream. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-17/where-is-santhi-soundarajan-now-asian-games-medal-stripped/101737534




FEMALE IMPERSONATION

Berg, S. (2009, September 15). How Dora the Man Competed in the Woman's High Jump. DER SPIEGEL, Hamburg, Germany. https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/1936-berlin-olympics-how-dora-the-man-competed-in-the-woman-s-high-jump-a-649104.html


Tomizawa, R. (2016, July 3). German High Jumper Dora Ratjen: Was She a Man or a Woman? Is that the Right Question? The Olympians. https://theolympians.co/2016/07/07/german-high-jumper-dora-ratjen-was-she-a-man-or-a-woman-is-that-the-right-question/


Rider, T. C., & Teetzel, S. (n.d.). The strange tale of Stella Walsh’s Olympic eligibility. Pennsylvania State University, Berks, USA & University of Manitoba, Canada. http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ISOR/isor2014h.pdf



The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2003, November 14). Stanisława Walasiewicz: The Curious Story of Stella Walsh | Polish athlete, gender controversy, Olympic gold medal. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/1932-Olympic-Games-The-Curious-Story-of-Stella-Walsh-1367962


Waters, Michael. (2024, June 3). The Other Olympians. The Invisible Dog Art Center. https://www.theinvisibledog.org/all/the-other-olympians-michael-waters


Erikainen, S. (2020). The Story of Mark Weston: Re‐centring histories and Conceptualising gender variance in 1930s International sport. Gender & History, 32(2), 304–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12474


In my true element: Mark Weston (1905-1978). (2021 February 28). The Box Plymouth. https://www.theboxplymouth.com/blog/history/mark-weston-biography



TESTOSTERONE

Scardelli, L. (2023, September 11). High testosterone levels in women. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/high-testosterone-levels-in-women-7565548


Semenya, Caster (21 October 2023). "Running in a Body That's My Own". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/21/opinion/running-body-semenya.html


Ross, R. (2019, July 19). 30 amazing athletes with natural physical advantages. Ask.com. https://www.ask.com/lifestyle/athletes-physical-advantages


Basaria, S. (2010). Androgen abuse in athletes: detection and consequences. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(4), 1533–1543. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1579


Rane, A., & Ekström, L. (2012). Androgens and doping tests: genetic variation and pit‐falls. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 74(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04294.x


Epstein, D. (2020, September 18). Why I changed my mind about the Caster Semenya case. Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/culture/2020/09/caster-semenya-ruling-testosterone-in-sports.html



WOMEN VS. MEN

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). https://dictionary.apa.org/gender


Hunter, S. K., & Senefeld, J. W. (2024). Sex differences in human performance. The Journal of Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp284198


Hunter, S. K., Angadi, S. S., Bhargava, A., Harper, J., Hirschberg, A. L., Levine, B. D., Moreau, K. L., Nokoff, N. J., Stachenfeld, N. S., & Bermon, S. (2023). The Biological Basis of sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 55(12), 2328–2360. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003300


Priess, H., & Hyde, J. S. (2011). Gender roles. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 99–108). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373951-3.00057-0


Thibault, V., Guillaume, M., Berthelot, G., Helou, N. E., Schaal, K., Quinquis, L., Nassif, H., Tafflet, M., Escolano, S., Hermine, O., & Toussaint, J. (2010, June 1). Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761733


Wei-Haas, M., & Mansky, J. (2024, July 11). The rise of the modern sportswoman. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rise-modern-sportswoman-180960174


Elsas, L. J., Ljungqvist, A., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Simpson, J. L., Genel, M., Carlson, A. S., Ferris, E., De La Chapelle, A., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (2000). Gender verification of female athletes. Genetics in Medicine, 2(4), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1097/00125817-200007000-00008


Goldschmied, N., García-Aliaga, A., Solana, D. M., & Mon-López, D. (2023). Do women and men compete equally on a level playing field? An empirical investigation into the 2021 Olympic shooting competitions. PLoS ONE, 18(9), e0291017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291017



The Past and Future of Gender in Sport (Transcript). (n.d.). TED Talks. https://www.ted.com/podcasts/good-sport/the-past-and-future-of-gender-in-sport-transcript


Wills, M. (2022). Gender incommensurability in sports. JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/gender-incommensurability-in-sports



WOMEN IN SPORTS

Van Anders, S. M., Schudson, Z. C., Abed, E. C., Beischel, W. J., Dibble, E. R., Gunther, O. D., Kutchko, V. J., & Silver, E. R. (2017). Biological sex, gender, and public policy. Policy Insights From the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732217720700


For women athletes of color, outsized scrutiny over gender is nothing new, historians say. (2024, August 4). PBS News. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/for-women-athletes-of-color-outsized-scrutiny-over-gender-is-nothing-new-historians-say


Tamara and Irina Press: Sisters. (2003, November 20). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamara-and-Inna-Press-Sisters


Dawson, A. (2018, June 3). How Serena Williams responds to accusations that she “was born a guy.” Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/serena-williams-responds-to-accusations-she-was-born-a-man-2018-5


Is this a man or a woman? (1937, February). Look Magazine, 39.


Adams, W. L. (2009, August 21). Could this women’s world champ be a man? TIME. https://time.com/archive/6947724/could-this-womens-world-champ-be-a-man


The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Babe Didrikson Zaharias | Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Babe-Didrikson-Zaharias


ESPN.com: Didrikson was a woman ahead of her time. (n.d.). https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00014147.html


Fagan, K., & Ain, M. (2015, July 6). Phoenix Mercury center Brittney Griner opens up and bares all - ESPN The Magazine Body Issue - ESPN. ESPN.com. https://www.espn.com/espnw/story/_/id/13176422/phoenix-mercury-center-brittney-griner-opens-bares-all-espn-magazine-body-issue


Tomizawa, R. (2016a, May 18). Ewa Klubokowska’s Timing was Right in 1964, But Wrong in 1967: The Inexact Science of Gender Testing in the 1960s. The Olympians. https://theolympians.co/2016/05/19/ewa-klubokowskas-timing-was-right-in-1964-but-wrong-in-1967-the-inexact-science-of-gender-testing-in-the-1960s


Ingle, S. (2020, September 9). Caster Semenya’s Olympic hopes fade as runner loses testosterone rules appeal. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/sep/08/caster-semenya-loses-appeal-against-world-athletics-testosterone-rules


Tribunal Arbitral du Sport Court of Arbitration for Sport. (2019b). CAS Arbitration: Caster Semenya, Athletics South Africa (ASA) And International Association Of Athletics Federations (IAAF): Decision. In M. Reeb & K. Hogg, Tribunal Arbitral Du Sport Court of Arbitration for Sport [Press-release]. https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_Semenya_ASA_IAAF_decision.pdf


Waters, M. (2024, June 1). A forgotten athlete, a Nazi official, and the origins of sex testing at the Olympics. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/a-forgotten-athlete-a-nazi-official-and-the-origins-of-sex-testing-at-the-olympics


Olympian Helen Stephens suffered through an Anti-Queer panic that still reverberates | Defector. (2024, June 6). https://defector.com/olympian-helen-stephens-suffered-through-an-anti-queer-panic-that-still-reverberates


Mendez, B. (2017, September 22). Gender segregation in sports should be reconsidered. The Oberlin Review. https://oberlinreview.org/14287/opinions/gender-segregation-in-sports-should-be-reconsidered


Mildred, C. A. (2024, June 5). Does gender segregation in sports matter? - ILLUMINATION - medium. Medium. https://medium.com/illumination/does-gender-segregation-in-sports-matter-7988f53c3377


CBS Boston. (2018, April 19). WBZ Archives: Kathrine Switzer makes history at the Boston Marathon [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eD7nEp1mAuM


Robinson, R. (2012, May 14). “Eleven Wretched Women.” Runner’s World. https://www.runnersworld.com/advanced/a20802639/eleven-wretched-women


U.S. Soccer agrees to pay women’s and men’s teams equally after legal fight. (2022, February 23). [Video]. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/us-soccer-women-soccer-stars-settle-equal-pay-lawsuit-24-million-rcna17138


Academy, U. S. (2016, February 29). Examination of gender equity and Female Participation in sport. The Sport Journal. https://thesportjournal.org/article/examination-of-gender-equity-and-female-participation-in-sport


McCoy, J. (2020, March 31). 40 most powerful female athletes of all time. Glamour. https://www.glamour.com/story/most-powerful-female-athletes-of-all-time


Ready, L. (2018, October 2). How the worst moment of her life revolutionized women’s running. USA TODAY. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/humankind/2018/10/02/how-worst-moment-her-life-revolutionized-womens-running/1489818002


Parasport classification. (n.d.). https://lexi.global/sports


Mertens, M. (2022, October 6). The case for Coed Sports. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2022/09/sports-gender-sex-segregation-coed/671460



TRANS WOMEN IN SPORTS

Hamilton, B., Brown, A., Montagner-Moraes, S., Comeras-Chueca, C., Bush, P. G., Guppy, F. M., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2024). Strength, power and aerobic capacity of transgender athletes: a cross-sectional study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 58(11), 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-108029


Harper, J. (2015). Race times for transgender athletes. Journal of Sporting Cultures and Identities, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.18848/2381-6678/cgp/v06i01/54079


Roberts, T. A., Smalley, J., & Ahrendt, D. (2020). Effect of gender affirming hormones on athletic performance in transwomen and transmen: implications for sporting organisations and legislators. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(11), 577–583. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102329


Trans women retain athletic edge after a year of hormone therapy, study finds. (2021, January 5). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trans-women-retain-athletic-edge-after-year-hormone-therapy-study-n1252764


Associated Press. (2016, August 25). IOC rules transgender athletes can take part in Olympics without surgery. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/25/ioc-rules-transgender-athletes-can-take-part-in-olympics-without-surgery


Harper, J., Lima, G., Kolliari-Turner, A., Malinsky, F. R., Wang, G., Martinez-Patino, M. J., Angadi, S. S., Papadopoulou, T., Pigozzi, F., Seal, L., Barrett, J., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2018). The fluidity of gender and implications for the biology of inclusion for transgender and intersex athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 17(12), 467–472. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000543


Tennis.com. (2021, May 6). Decades later, Renée Richards’ breakthrough is as important as ever. Tennis.com. https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/decades-later-renee-richards-breakthrough-is-as-important-as-ever


Compton, J. (2022, March 16). Lia Thomas and the long tradition of “gender policing” female athletes. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/lia-thomas-long-tradition-gender-policing-female-athletes-rcna20091


Swimmer Lia Thomas challenging new rules that ban trans women from top competitions. (2024, June 13). [Video]. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/lia-thomas-loses-legal-battle-2024-olympics-hopes-dashed-rcna156808


Oklahoman. (2024, April 18). Oklahoma regulator warns AEW after transgender pro wrestler’s match: Nyla Rose responds. Oklahoman. https://eu.oklahoman.com/story/sports/2024/04/18/aew-oklahoma-transgender-laws-nyla-rose/73367691007


Dante Luna. (2019, October 17). Nyla Rose on being a transgender woman wrestler [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zszLpsCTuw


Albeck-Ripka, L. (2024, June 23). Gabbi Tuft, first openly trans former W.W.E. star, returns to wrestling. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/23/arts/television/gabbi-tuft-trans-wrestler-return.html


Ennis, D. (2020, August 28). Joanna Harper: World Rugby’s proposed transban is based on ‘false assumptions’ - Outsports. OutSports. https://www.outsports.com/2020/8/28/21405145/joanna-harper-world-rugby-transgender-athlete-ban-science-research-transphobia


Eli Erlick. (2024, June 28). Recently discovered 1936 trans film on athlete Zdeněk Koubek [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqoEVqr3lSs


The Des Moines Register. (February 16, 1936). 1936-02-16 Erwin Von Graff weighs in on transgender surgery. Newspapers.com. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-des-moines-register-1936-02-16-erwin/28092451


Darling, W. (2024, February 27). Zdeněk Koubek — Making Queer history. Making Queer History. https://www.makingqueerhistory.com/articles/2019/5/30/zdenk-koubek


Waters, M. (2024, June 10). The 1930s athlete who broke the gender barrier. History. https://www.history.com/news/athlete-gender-barrier-zdenek-koubek



TRANSPHOBIA

Sharf, Z. (2024a, August 1). J.K. Rowling, Elon Musk criticize Olympics after Algeria’s Imane Khelif wins women’s boxing match amid gender controversy: ‘A misogynist sporting establishment.’ Variety. https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/jk-rowling-imane-khelif-olympics-boxer-gender-controversy-angela-carini-1236092812


Smith, R. (2024, August 16). JK Rowling falls silent as she could be prosecuted in Imane Khelif lawsuit. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/jk-rowling-imane-khelif-donald-trump-elon-musk-lawsuit-1940241


Bell, B. C. (2024, August 2). Logan Paul spreads lies about Olympic boxer Imane Khelif - Outsports. OutSports. https://www.outsports.com/2024/8/2/24099099/logan-paul-imane-khelif-wwe-paris-olympics


Ewe, K. (2024, August 2). Taiwan turns against J.K. Rowling for stirring Olympic Boxing gender controversy. TIME. https://time.com/7006869/taiwan-olympics-boxer-lin-yu-ting-gender-controversy-jk-rowling


Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. (2024, August 19). Lin Yu-ting dismisses Trump, Rowling false accusations with good humor - Focus Taiwan. Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/sports/202408190007


Chan, M. (2024, August 12). J.K. Rowling helped Chinese Taipei boxer Lin Yu-ting win gold, says coach, who calls IBA ‘a lunatic.’ South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/sport/paris-olympics-2024/article/3274079/jk-rowling-helped-chinese-taipei-boxer-lin-yu-ting-win-gold-says-coach-calls-iba-lunatics


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